The first problem in most Civilization games has been that at a certain point you (and all the AI players) get stuck with a dozen or so automated Worker units sitting around idling with no more city tiles to improve, which just makes turns take longer to calculate if you don’t manually disband them. Speaking of the mid game, the changes Firaxis has made to reduce unit clutter from that point on are extremely smart. In fact, settling as many new cities as possible feels all but mandatory if you want to be competitive, which makes the land-grab phase of the early- and mid-game eras feel urgent and exciting. That means rapid empire expansion is back on the table because you don’t need to worry about the founding of new cities having a major impact on the productivity and growth of your major ones, as long as you’re settling in areas that have enough luxury resources to support them. “Also, in a reversal of Civilization V’s empire-wide happiness level system, in Civilization VI each city’s happiness has reverted back to being individually determined, and is based on how many amenities it has available – happiness is created by luxury resources or happiness-generating buildings (plus a number of other factors). It’s also great that Wonders are so large and visible on the map, and that they come with impressive in-game animations of their construction. All of this cuts down on previous games’ Wonder spam, where one high-production city could crank out wonders quickly, and forces you to build them around your more diverse empire. It creates a lot of possible paths.What’s more, Wonder buildings (which can only exist in one city in the world and grant big bonuses) also occupy tiles, and many are limited by geography because they must be placed next to a river or a mountain or other terrain, or they have prerequisite buildings you have to build first or adjacent to. You might have one city that’s focused on generating science for researching new technology, another focused on creating wealth, and another that builds your military units with experience boosts – or maybe you go full military and build an Encampment in all of them. Those districts must be placed on tiles within a city’s borders, and the number of districts you can build is limited by the population of a city, so you’re forced to specialize each city’s function. “A lot of depth emerges from one of the key factors that distinguishes this Civilization from the five that came before it: the new city-building system, in which key buildings like markets, temples, and barracks that have traditionally been built in nearly every city to give them basic functionality have now been broken out into 11 types of “districts” (Commercial Hub, Holy Site, and Encampment, among others). This feels like a Civ game that’s already had two expansions. For the most part, that’s awesome because there are so many chances to build out your nation in different ways to take advantage of opportunities on its randomly generated maps and pursue the different victory types, and it’s all baked in at the ground level so that things like trade routes don’t feel tacked on and optional (they are, in fact, the only way to build roads in the early game). It’s got trade, it’s got religion, it’s got espionage, it’s got Great People, it’s got archeology, it’s got the kitchen sink. Once I get absorbed into a campaign it becomes so engrossing it’s difficult to think about anything else.Under its colorful, cartography-inspired art style and varied, stirring music that swells to accent what you’re doing and in what era you’re doing it, Civilization VI is crammed with an almost overwhelming number of systems. In that way Civilization VI looks familiar, but it’s loaded with some very smart and bold improvements that give it new levels of depth. Every game in the legendary, 25-year-old Sid Meier’s Civilization 4X strategy series puts a new spin on the grand concept of taking a nation from a single nomadic tribe to a world-dominating superpower, one turn at a time.
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Orvel quickly got up, wiped away his tears with his sleeves, and said, “I’m going too! Let’s go in the same direction!”ĭuncan said: “You should find some helpers. It’s not impossible for the shock wave generated to go out…” He didn’t care about the pain, Hitting the hard black ground with a fist, he choked up and said, “Impossible! Master Wade is auspicious, and there is absolutely no chance of accidents!”ĭuncan was silent for a moment, and said, “I’ll look around. “Fcuk!” Orvel’s legs softened, and he fell to the ground immediately. This equivalent, even if it is The tank next to it will also be blown to pieces, people are flesh and blood, so close, I’m afraid there will be bad luck…” He said to Duncan: “Inspector Li, Master Wade is as powerful as the sky, shouldn’t this kind of explosion hurt him?”ĭuncan squatted on the ground, picked a piece of dry black soil from the ground, rubbed it hard, and He put it under his nose and smelled it, and said worriedly: “The temperature at the center of the explosion is at least 3,000 degrees Celsius if the earth can be burned like this… So it is speculated that the explosion equivalent is at least one or two tons of TNT. Orvel burst into tears when he heard this, he couldn’t believe it. His face was ashen, and he whispered: “The things are so close to the center of the explosion… When the explosion happened, wouldn’t he be the first to bear the brunt?!” Wade’s stuff? Isn’t it more dangerous than good for him?!”Īs he spoke, he quickly lowered his head to carefully examine the traces left by the explosion.īy observing the direction of the explosion shock wave, he then saw more giant clam fragments on the ground. Hearing Orvel say that the fragment in his hand belonged to Charlie, Duncan’s heart suddenly thumped! Orvel said in a daze: “This… this should belong to Master Wade…” Thinking of this, Orvel’s heart suddenly sank to the bottom of the valley.ĭuncan saw that his expression suddenly changed when he looked at the shell fragments in his hand, and quickly asked: “What is this?” That auction caused quite a stir in Aurous Hill. Immediately, he immediately remembered that Charlie once bought a giant clam at an auction at a high price of over 100 million. Orvel suddenly saw a few reflective fragments on the ground, picked them up, and found that they were shells or other fragments. Don’t know if it was a trace of the human body left by the explosion. On the ground, there was actually a black silhouette of a human figure printed on it. He quickly ran to the center of the explosion, and was horrified to find that the ground at the center had been hardened and cracked by the high temperature! The strong wind blown by the helicopter completely wiped away the traces left by Jeremiah in an instant.Īt this time, Orvel, who was so anxious, opened the door and jumped down before the helicopter came to a complete stop, followed by Duncan. The pilot immediately parked the helicopter at the edge of the circular blank area.ĭuncan just thought, don’t destroy the clues to the center of the explosion.īut what he didn’t expect was that the place where Orvel asked the pilot to land happened to be the area where Jeremiah crawled away from the incident. Orvel nodded and said to the pilot: “Then land on the side!” Duncan blurted out: “It’s better not to land in the center, lest any clues on the ground be destroyed by the strong wind of the helicopter!” GREEN BAY, WI (WTAQ-WLUK) - Clearing the Fox River of harmful chemicals known as PCBs. Listen to live music, enjoy great food and cold beverages and watch the game on any of the 35 plasma screens located throughout the Village. Meet the Shawano County Brunch on the Farm host Synergy Dairy. No ticket? No problem! The Tailgate Village is free of charge and open to the public. In addition to these outstanding amenities, the Village will also be hosting live bands and that one-of-a-kind Packers’ atmosphere. Located in the shadows of Lambeau Field, this 13, 242 square-foot temple has: a full kitchen, spacious bar, floor to ceiling windows, and overhead doors that open to a 4,300 square-foot party deck. The live TV streaming service provides all the channels you need to watch the Packers this season, including ESPN, Fox, NBC, CBS, and NFL Network. The people of the town went as far as creating a YouTube video clamoring that they show the Packers. Network Technician at University of Wisconsin-River Falls: DoTS. The Packers Radio Network is a broadcast radio network and the official radio broadcaster of the Green Bay Packers. Someone posted on r/NFL a few weeks back that there was a small Wisconsin town that would be 'forced' to miss games that conflicted with the Vikings. The Johnsonville Tailgate Village gives fans a tailgating experience like never before. Its primary programming consists of broadcasts of Packer home and away games to a network of 56 stations in Wisconsin, the U.P., Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, along with a two-hour pre-game show and three-hour postgame show which allows listeners to call, email, or text in a sports talk format about the finished game. Working as a press box assistant on game days for the Green Bay Packers has given me the. Kick off gameday at Lambeau Field’s Johnsonville Tailgate Village, located in the east parking lot, outside the Oneida Nation Gate. The New Richmond native whose given name was John McNally had been a Packer from 1929-33. Local News / 1 month ago Packers QB Jordan Love doesn’t mind heightened pressure Packers / 1 month ago Hockey helped Packers’ Van Ness develop into 13th Packers / 1 month ago Fritz. Watch all the Early NFL Games on DirecTV The Green Bay Packers and TODAY'S TMJ4 (WTMJ-TV) in Milwaukee and NBC 26 (WGBA-TV) in Green Bay lead the Packers Television Network, providing year-round Packers programming, in addition.If you want to know more about YouTube TV, check out our detailed review.Snapshot of the Johnsonville Tailgate Village Perfect for fantasy football players, get the NFL RedZone channel for $11 per month with the Sports Plus add-on or bundle it with NFL Sunday Ticket and YouTube TV, and you'll get to see every moment a team is in the red zone during the Sunday morning and afternoon games. YouTube TV is also the only service that offers NFL SUNDAY TICKET, and it even offers NFL RedZone Channel + NFL SUNDAY TICKET bundles. If you want the best football channel in the world, YouTube TV is one of the few services that offer the NFL RedZone Channel. YouTube TV is unique because not many live TV streaming services have NFL Network, NBA TV, and MLB Network in their standard channel lineup and for the price of $73. On-demand content to watch after the games.An unlimited DVR storage space that saves for nine months (so why not record all of the games?) If you don’t need to watch live, you can watch a replay of every NFL game via NFL+, which comes with a free seven-day trial and then costs 4.99 per month or 29.99 per year after that: NFL+.Popular channels for the family, like Disney Channel and Food Network.NOTE: Per MLB, Listen Live now features Brewers Radio Network broadcasts if the listener is located in Milwaukee. You'll get 17 sports channels, including MLB Network and NBA TV If the player still does not work, feel free to e-mail us here for assistance. For a fair price, not only will you get ABC, CBS, ESPN, FOX, NBC, and NFL Network to yell at the TV while watching the Packers games, but you'll also get the following: YouTube TV is our favorite live TV streaming service because it's an all-around great service. The following thermodynamic properties are calculated:ĭensity water, dynamic viscosity water, kinematic viscosity water, specific inner energy water, specific enthalpy water, specific entropy water, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires Material Safety and Data Sheets to give information about the volatility and flammability of liquids in order to help prevent accidents from occurring.Online calculation of properties of water and steamĮmail: scientific and engineering data onlineĬalculation of thermodynamic properties of water Pressure:Ĭalculation of thermodynamic properties of overheated steamĬalculation of thermodynamic properties of saturated steam Pressure: Any small spark, even one occurring from the friction between the gas particles themselves, can be enough to cause a catastrophic fire or even an explosion. This can be a fire hazard if the vapor is flammable. Substances with high vapor pressures can form a high concentration of gas particles above the liquid in a closed system. Increasing the temperature of the closed system will increase the vapor pressure, according to Purdue University's department of chemistry. The pressure exerted by the vapor/liquid equilibrium in the closed container is called the vapor pressure. When the rate of evaporation and the rate of condensation are the same, there will be no net decrease in the amount of liquid. Some of the evaporated particles will eventually come into contact with the remaining liquid and lose enough of their energy to condense back into the liquid. When a liquid evaporates inside a closed container, the particles cannot escape the system. Sublimation happens when a substance passes directly from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state. Volatility is more often a property of liquids, but some highly volatile solids may sublime at normal room temperature. Volatility can be thought of as how likely a substance will be to vaporize at normal temperatures. This phenomenon is known as evaporative cooling. As the faster particles escape, the remaining particles have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid cools. Evaporation occurs when surface particles gain enough kinetic energy to escape the system. When enough energy is transferred to a particle at the surface of the liquid, it will eventually overcome the surface tension holding it to the rest of the liquid. Such collisions transfer energy from one particle to another. Evaporationīecause the particles of a liquid are in constant motion, they will collide with one another, and with the sides of the container. When heated, the particles of the liquid move faster, allowing the liquid to flow more easily. Viscosity can usually be reduced by heating the liquid. Honey is thicker than water and flows more slowly. For example, honey is more viscous than water. A substance with low viscosity is considered to be thinner than a substance with higher viscosity, which is usually thought of as being thicker. A liquid that flows very slowly is said to be more viscous than a liquid that flows easily and quickly. Viscosity is a measure of how much a liquid resists flowing freely. One example of capillary action is when someone collects a sample of blood by touching a tiny glass tube to the blood droplet on the tip of a pricked finger. The most accurate measurement of the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder will be observed by looking at the volume marks closest to the bottom of this meniscus.Īdhesion also accounts for capillary action when a liquid is drawn up into a very narrow tube. The combination of cohesive and adhesive forces means that a slight concave curve, known as the meniscus, exists at the surface of most liquids. Resistance to wear and tear: PEEK and PPS both have excellent resistance to wear and tear, which can increase the longevity of parts and reduce maintenance costs. Injection moulded parts made from PPS can provide excellent insulation properties, which can help to protect sensitive electronic components. This makes it an excellent choice for medical device manufacturers who need to create parts that are both strong and biocompatible.Įlectrical insulation: PPS is an excellent electrical insulator, which makes it ideal for use in electrical and electronic applications where insulation is critical. This can be especially beneficial in applications where weight is a concern, such as aerospace or automotive applications.īiocompatibility: PEEK is biocompatible, meaning that it is compatible with human tissue and can be used in medical applications such as implants. Lightweight: PEEK and PPS are both lightweight materials, which can reduce the overall weight of the finished product. This means that each part will be identical to the next, which is important in applications where consistency is critical. Precision and repeatability: Injection moulding allows for the creation of highly precise parts with excellent repeatability. Injection moulded parts made from these materials can withstand high temperatures and exposure to corrosive chemicals without degrading, which can increase the longevity of the parts and reduce maintenance costs. Resistance to heat and chemicals: PEEK and PPS both have excellent resistance to heat and chemicals, making them ideal for use in harsh environments. Injection moulded parts made from these materials can withstand high loads and stresses without deforming or breaking, making them ideal for use in high-stress applications. High strength and stiffness: PEEK and PPS are both known for their exceptional strength and stiffness. There are many benefits to using injection moulded parts made from PEEK and PPS, some of which include: It is often used in automotive, electrical, and electronic applications due to its excellent electrical insulation properties and resistance to corrosion. PPS, which stands for polyphenylene sulfide, is another high-performance engineering thermoplastic that is known for its excellent mechanical properties, high heat resistance, and chemical resistance. PEEK is often used in aerospace, automotive, and medical applications due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, biocompatibility, and resistance to wear and tear. It has excellent chemical resistance, which makes it ideal for use in harsh chemical environments. PEEK, which stands for polyetheretherketone, is a high-performance engineering thermoplastic that is known for its exceptional strength, stiffness, and heat resistance. However, considering the immense advantages of these plastics, it is worth exploring how and why they are excellent candidates for injection moulding. Two materials that are less commonly used in injection moulding are PEEK and PPS. They also have very predictable melt-flows and shrinkages, meaning that a part can be quickly developed using off-the-shelf metrics that can usually be provided by the raw material suppliers. Not only do they melt at relatively low temperatures (anywhere between 150-175☌) but they are also fairly easy to handle when liquid, as they do not give off any corrosive gaseous effluents. Well known polymers – such as polypropylene, polyethylene, and even nylons – are relatively easy to handle in this process. Because the process involves taking the polymer into a molten state and maintaining it there until it is injected into the mould, it requires careful consideration and equipment that is capable of managing the polymer in its liquid state. This process is ideal for producing high-volume, complex components with great precision and repeatability. Injection moulding is a widely used manufacturing process that involves the creation of parts and products by injecting molten material into a metal mould. Source for you to download old versions of WinRAR. Version 3.62 is compatible with Windows 10.0 and is recommended.įor free WinRAR download for Windows? offers a simple andĬonvenient way for you to download WinRAR for Windows. Unicode is supported in archive file names, allowing non-English file names to be handled painlessly. It can backup your data and reduce the size of email attachments, decompress RAR, ZIP and other files downloaded from Internet and create new archives in RAR and ZIP file format. Security & Firewalls Browsers & Plugins Developer Tools Utilities Compression & Backup Video & Audio Photos & Images Desktop Business Education Productivity Other Softwares WinRAR (32bit) 5.70 RARLab - 2.80 MB (Trial Version) Version: 5. WinRAR's main features include strong general and multimedia compression, the ability to process of non-RAR archive formats, long filename support, programmable self-extracting archives (SFX), damaged-archive repair, authenticity verification, embedded file comments, and encryption. WinRAR (32bit) Download - Powerful file compression software for efficient data storage and transfer. Download WinRAR Latest version Free Latest WinRAR for Windows 10 (64-bit/32-bit). PeaZip 64 bit is faster than the 32 bit version, and should be preferred on modern. Get WinRAR (2023) Free Download for Windows 10 & Windows 11. WinRAR 2023 Software Tutorial and Download. RAR files can usually compress content 8 to 15 percent more than ZIP or ARJ files. Download PeaZip for Windows 64 bit, free 7Z RAR TAR ZIP files opener. How to install WinRAR for PC Windows Download WinRAR For Free In 2023 Latest Version. WinRAR is a 32-bit Windows version of RAR Archiver, the powerful archiver and archive manager. WinRAR 3.62 Download Now Released: Size: 0.99 MB Downloads: 423,897 Rating: Tested: Free from spyware, adware and viruses Select Version of WinRAR to Download for FREE! Software Version WinRAR is a Windows data compression tool that focuses on the RAR and ZIP data compression formats for all Windows users. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) estimates that around 40 percent of women will keep ovulating while taking norethindrone. It’s important to understand that the progestin-only minipill may not consistently suppress your ovulation. preventing your ovaries from releasing eggs.thickening the mucus in your cervix and thinning the lining of your uterus, making it harder for sperm and egg to meet. According to the Mayo Clinic, norethindrone works by: In the United States, the progestin-only oral contraceptive is known as norethindrone. To learn more about Slynd, talk to your doctor. It can be taken within a 24-hour period and still not be considered a “missed dose,” unlike the current progestin-only pill.īecause this pill is so new, there may currently be limited information and access. There’s a new FDA-approved progestin-only pill called Slynd. If you miss a dose - even by as little as 3 hours - you’ll need to use a backup method of birth control for at least 2 days to be on the safe side. To maximize the minipill’s effectiveness, you’ll need to take the pill at the same time every day. The dose of progestin varies and is dependent on the formulation used in the birth control pill.Ī minipill package consists of 28 pills, all of which contain the hormone progestin. None of the pills in the pack have any estrogen. You must take a pill at the same time every day to prevent pregnancy.The minipill is a type of oral contraceptive that contains pills that only have progestin.Mini-pills may cause mood changes, less interest in sex, or weight gain.Some women see having no period as an advantage. If you aren't sure if your sex partner might have an STI, use a condom to protect against disease. Mini-pills don't protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as herpes or HIV/AIDS.What are the disadvantages of mini-pills for birth control? You don't have to interrupt sex to use them.They are safe to use while breastfeeding.They are also an option if you can't take estrogen because you have certain health problems or concerns. So you can use them if you don't want to take estrogen. They may reduce heavy bleeding and cramping. They may cause fewer side effects than combination birth control pills.Barrier methods include condoms and diaphragms. Mini-pills work better than barrier methods.What are the advantages of using mini-pills for birth control? He or she can help you choose the birth control method that is right for you. When pills are not taken exactly as directed, such as forgetting to take them sometimes, 9 or more women out of 100 have an unplanned pregnancy.īe sure to tell your doctor about any health problems you have or medicines you take.When mini-pills are taken exactly as directed, fewer than 1 woman out of 100 has an unplanned pregnancy.This means you take a pill even when you have your period. You have to take a pill every day at the same time to prevent pregnancy. Every pill in the pack contains progestin. This makes it harder for a fertilized egg to attach to the uterus.Īnd progestin can sometimes stop the ovaries from releasing an egg each month (ovulation). This makes it hard for sperm to travel into the uterus. Progestin prevents pregnancy in a few ways. Those contain progestin and another hormone called estrogen. They are different from regular combination birth control pills. They release a regular dose of a hormone called progestin. Mini-pills are used to prevent pregnancy. In addition, Fresco has plans to further expand its retail business and has since targeted a few locations with great potential to open branches. The portfolio was created by Lone Star Funds in September 2013 as the new parent company for Harveys, Winn-Dixie, and Fresco y Más. The supermarket measures a retail floor area of 15,000sq feet and achieved an annual turnover of RM 10 million. Southeastern Grocers (formerly Bi-Lo Holdings) is a supermarket portfolio headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida. In year 2005, the company begins its expansion program by setting up another “Fresco” supermarket in Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. The number of “Fresco Shopping Card” member has reached 8,000 in year 2004 and the sales contributed by the member has steadily increased from a mere 20% to more than 50% of the total sales in today. It has also successfully launched the “Fresco Shopping Card” member loyalty program to reward the regular customers. In year 2001, JSC changed its name to “FRESCO” and started to computerize its operation and manage their inventory with self-developed IT application. In order to house more products and provide better services to the customers, JSC further expanded its business in 1998 by increasing the retail floor area to 25,000 sq feet. You probably would expect to find more than one vegan supermarket in Amsterdam by. A proposal to construct a new commercial building which would bring another grocery store to Owen Sound’s east end is progressing. Redeem your points on groceries or on amazing rewards with one of our many partners. Updated: Vegan Fresco didnt make it through and closed after just 1 year. Discover the big savings we're offering this week. With 9 years of hard work and remarkable efforts contributed, the business grew from a storey shop houses with retail floor area of 3,500 sq feet and 15 employees in 1984 to a three storey building with retail floor area of 15,000 sq and 50 employees in 1993. Earn Scene+ points at your favourite grocery store and combine with other great deals. El Mercado Fresco is a Hispanic grocery store offering a great and authentic variety of Mexican and other Hispanic products with carefully-selected vegetables, fresh meat and seafood, delicious bakery items made from scratch, and so much more. This is a large grocery store with a mexican deli, huge vegetable. The business was indeed a transition from a traditional shop which carried stationery and textiles items for more than 20 years in Jasin town, to a mini market that sold supermarket and household items. Read 4 tips and reviews from 445 visitors about delis, fresh fish and groceries. Fresco Grocery Store deals in Fresh Fruits & Vegetables, Grains. Jasin Shopping Centre was founded in 1984 by three brothers. The Heaven & Earth Grocery Store, by James McBride. 128 likes 4 talking about this 673 were here. Due to no fault of their own, he or she now has a warrant out for their arrest. So, a warrant has been issued by the time the person finds out about the ticket, and now it’s too late. Often times, I’m contacted by someone who’s been issued a Failure to Pay Toll citation and already missed the deadline to respond, because he or she never actually received it in the mail. When that happens, the Court issues a warrant for the person’s arrest simply as a way to get ahold of and force the person into Court so he or she can handle the ticket. So, the only reason a person would be facing jail time as a result of a toll citation is if he or she received one and did nothing about it. Failure to Pay Toll is a Class C Misdemeanor, which is punishable by fine only. Yes, but only if a person is issued a citation and then fails to appear or show up to court by the deadline stated on the toll ticket. This means that the motorist would be facing up to $1,500 (6 tolls x $250 fine/per toll) in fines, plus the original $4.32 in tolls, and all of the administrative fees contained in the 3 Notices of Nonpayment for each of the 6 tolls, which totals $1,984.32! Can a Warrant be Issued for Unpaid Tolls in Texas? If the motorist fails to pay the tolls after receiving invoices and Notices of Nonpayment for them, he or she would receive 6 separate Failure to Pay Toll citations. So, for example, a motorist who travels through the City of Plano (6 toll points) on the Dallas North Tollway would rack up $4.32 using the NTTA’s ZipCash payment method. Furthermore, each unpaid toll or administrative fee is a separate offense. Failure to Pay Toll citations are filed and handled in the Collin County Justice of the Peace Courts. Texas Transportation Code, Section 228.055 states that the registered owner of a vehicle for which the proper toll is not paid who is mailed a written notice of nonpayment and fails to pay the proper toll and administrative fee within the time specified by the notice of nonpayment (25 days) commits an offense and faces a fine not to exceed $250. Failure to Pay Toll in Collin County, Texas If the invoice is still not paid within 25 days after receiving the 3rd and Final Notice of Nonpayment, the registered owner of the vehicle is issued a Failure to Pay Toll citation by mail. If, after 25 days, payment is still not received, the NTTA mails the motorist a 3rd and Final Notice of Nonpayment that includes the same administrative fees as the 2nd Notice. If payment of the invoice is not received 25 days after the 1st Notice of Nonpayment, a 2nd Notice of Nonpayment is mailed to the motorist that includes a $10 administrative fee, plus an additional $25 administrative fee. If payment is not received, the NTTA mails a 1st Notice of Nonpayment to the motorist that includes a $10 administrative fee. When a motorist incurs tolls that go unpaid, the NTTA mails an invoice to the motorist providing him or her 25 days to pay for the tolls. When a motorist without a tolltag drives through a toll point, high-speed cameras take digital images of the motorist’s license plate, and the tolls are billed to the registered owner of the vehicle. For motorists who use the toll roads but do not have a tolltag, the NTTA offers ZipCash as a pay-by-mail option. Each time a motorist passes through a toll point, the toll is deducted straight from the motorist’s prepaid tolltag account. When driving on a NTTA toll road, tolls are paid electronically from a prepaid account through the use of a tolltag sticker mounted on a vehicle’s windshield. So, what happens when you don’t pay your tolls? When and How is a Texas Failure to Pay Toll Citation Issued? So, if my math is correct, that leaves 8 percent of those North Texans and visitors who use the toll roads not paying for their use of them. According to the North Texas Tollway Authority’s (NTTA) website, 92 percent of North Texans and visitors who travel on NTTA toll roads pay for their use of the toll roads. If you’re like me, you use the tollways here in Collin County, Texas and, while you may pay your tolls, you certainly don’t enjoy paying them. Strictly speaking, bourbon was defined by federal law in 1935: It must contain at least 51 percent corn, must come off the still at no more than 160 proof (higher alcohol content means less flavor), must go into the barrel at no more than 125 proof (distilled water is generally added both before barreling and before bottling), be bottled at at least 80 proof, and be aged for at least two years in brand-new oak casks that have been charred on the inside. Bourbon right off the still remains clear and almost flavorless today its two or more years in a barrel give it its color and almost all its taste. The defining qualities of bourbon emerged over the following decades and the early nineteenth century, and their beginnings are strangely impossible to document. The whiskey these pioneers made was hardly bourbon it was a clear, unaged, almost flavorless corn vodka closer to moonshine. His renown, however, rested not on priority but on the fact that he was a Baptist preacher, making him the ideal forefather for distillers fighting the forces of Prohibition a hundred years ago. None of them has a clear claim to the title the father of bourbon for most of the nineteenth century the honors were given to one Elijah Craig, who started up in 1789. Robert Samuels, great-great-great-great-grandfather of Bill Samuels, Jr., head of Maker’s Mark, came in 1780 Basil Hayden, the actual Old Grand-Dad, in 1785. In 1788 Jacob Beam, great-grandfather of Jim Beam and great-great-great-grandfather of Booker Noe, master distiller emeritus at Jim Beam today, entered the region and soon was distilling. Before lone, men whose names survive to this day were setting up homemade stills around the bluegrass countryside. When, in 1776, Virginia named its western frontier Kentucky County (much of which became Bourbon County after the Revolution, in honor of France’s help in the war, giving the whiskey its name), the state decreed that it would give four hundred acres to any settler who built a cabin and planted corn there. To the Germans in Pennsylvania and Maryland that meant rye in Kentucky, to which a largely Scotch-Irish population began to move after Daniel Boone cut a path through the Cumberland Gap in 1767, it meant corn, which would become the main ingredient in bourbon. Non-Puritan immigrants from the British Isles and Northern Europe tended to head west and south of New England, and they took with them their homegrown traditions of whiskey making, adapting them to the grains that could grow in the regions where they settled. The American liquor industry, centered in New England, was based on slave power. In Rhode Island in the 1750s there were at least thirty legitimate distilleries making rum. This was because of the triangular trade: Molasses was shipped from the West Indies to New England, there to be made into rum to be sent to Africa to trade for slaves for the West Indies. The early English settlers in North America made and drank beer, but by the early eighteenth century the dominant distilled spirit in the colonies was rum. Whiskey is essentially brandy made from beer instead of wine it developed in Northern European countries where grapes wouldn’t grow. Though it may sound hyperbolic to say so, we think it’s all right there in a single shot of Tennessee sour mash, straight rye whiskey or bourbon.” Congress was not being fatuous when in 1964 it proclaimed bourbon America’s “native spirit,” and the bourbon distiller Bill Samuels, Jr., does not exaggerate when he says, “Whiskey was the funnel through which the West leapt, the lubricant and the currency, and since then bourbon has gotten a lot better.” The authors of the 1995 definitive history and guide The Book of Bourbon and Other Pine American Whiskeys open their volume by stating, “Deep in the soul of American whiskey lies the rich pioneer spirit that founded this nation, the steadfast determination that conquered the Great Plains and the Wild West. Yet bourbon endures, as uniquely and utterly American as jazz or baseball-and as curious in its history and as rich and subtle in its enjoyment. And in this century bourbon was beset by outright banning, followed by another suspension of business during World War II and then the rise of martini culture in the 1950s, vodka as the soirit of choice after that, single malts becoming America’s favored sipping whiskey, and through it all a broad decline in liquor consumption. The nineteenth century saw the scandal of the Grantadministration Whiskey Ring, the rise of a monopolistic Whiskey Trust, and the proliferation of unscrupulous distillers who sold God-knew-what as straight whiskey. At the very dawn of bourbon, in the 1790s, a federal excise tax nearly killed the young industry (and threatened the young Republic as well). |
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